Nutritional efficiency of feed-restricted F1 Holstein/Zebu cows during the middle third of lactation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of quantitative feed restriction on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, efficiency and feeding behavior, and productive performance in F1 Holstein/Zebu cows during the middle third of their lactation. METHODS: Sixty F1 Holstein/Zebu cows with 111.5 ± 11.75 days of lactation and an initial body weight (BW) of 499 ± 30 kg (mean ± SEM) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with the following diet levels of feed restriction: 3.39%, 2.75%, 2.50%, 2.25% and 2.00% of BW, with 12 replications for each level.The experiment lasted for 63 days, of which each period lasted 21 days with the first 16 days for diet adaptation followed by 5 days for collection of data and samples. RESULTS: For each 1% of BW diet restriction, there was a decrease in dry matter intake of 5.26 kg/day (p <0.01). There was no difference in daily milk production (p = 0.09) under the restriction levels of 3.39% to 2.0% of BW. When corrected for 3.5% fat, milk production declined (p = 0.05) 3.46 kg/day for each percentage unit of feed restriction. CONCLUSION: Restricting the feed supply for F1 Holstein/Zebu cows in the middle third of their lactation period altered nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior but did not affect milk production or feed efficiency. However, considering the observed body weight loss and decrease in milk production corrected for 3.5% fat, restriction of no less than 2.5% BW is recommended.

Avaliação de máquinas e equipamentos que oferecem riscos à segurança do trabalhador nas etapas de pós-colheita do café / Evaluation of machines and equipment that offer risks to the security of the worker in the stages of after-harvest of the coffee

A Lei Brasileira nº 6.514, de 22 de dezembro de 1977 (BRASIL, 2004) e as leis aprovadas pela portaria nº3.067, de 12 de abril de 1988 que cuida das questões de saúde e segurança do trabalhador, prometem o direito subjetivo do trabalhador urbano e rural, a redução dos riscos do trabalho mediante normas de saúde, higiene e segurança. Considerando que essas leis atualmente estão sendo aplicadas em fazendas e unidades de processamento de café, no intuito de preservar o bem-estar do trabalhador, conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar o estado de conservação de máquinas e equipamentos que podem oferecer riscos à saúde e comprometer a segurança do funcionário, e verificar sua conformidade com as normas regulamentadoras durante a fase de pós-colheita de café. Foram observados e registrados os riscos oferecidos pelas máquinas e equipamentos, existentes em trinta unidades de beneficiamento de café do município de São Sebastião do Paraíso - MG, e avaliados de forma qualitativa. Foi observado que o estado de conservação desses equipamentos é irregular, pois apresentam ruído, temperaturas extremas, poeira e oferecem riscos de choques e acidentes mecânicos que comprometem a saúde do trabalhador.

The Brazilian Law nº. 6.514, of December 22, 1977 and the approved laws for the entrance nº3.067, of April 12, 1988 that take care of the subjects of health and the worker's safety, promise the urban and rural worker's subjective rights, such as the reduction of the risks of the work by norms of health, hygiene and safety. Considering that those laws are now being applied in farms and processing coffee units aiming of preserving the worker's well-being, the present work had as objective to evaluate the state of conservation of the machines and equipments that can offer risks to the health to compromise the employee's safety and to verify their conformity with the regulating norms during the stage of coffee after-harvest. The risks offered were observed and registered by the machines and equipments, existent in thirty improvement units of coffee in the municipal district of São Sebastião do Paraíso-MG, and appraised in a qualitative way. It was observed that the state of conservation of those equipments is irregular, because they present noise, extreme temperatures, dust and offer risks of shocks and mechanical accidents that compromise the worker's health.

Levantamento dos riscos existentes à segurança e à saúde do trabalhador na pós-colheita de café (Coffea arabica) conforme as exigências das normas regulamentadoras / Survey of the existing risks to the security and health of the worker in the after harvesting of the coffee plant (Coffea arabica) by according to the requirements of regulatory norms

A segurança no trabalho é um tema que vem chamando muito a atenção do setor agrícola, devido à sua importância como um dos itens considerados para a aquisição da certificação, que agrega valor ao café e conseqüentemente, melhora o preço para o produtor. Considerando a existência dos riscos em todas as atividades e a falta de percepção por parte do empregador e do trabalhador no processo de pós-colheita do café, bem como a falta de conformidade das propriedades quanto à aplicação das normas regulamentadoras do Ministério do Trabalho e do Emprego (M.T.E), o objetivo deste trabalho foi diagnosticar os riscos envolvidos em cada uma das etapas da pós-colheita do café e sua percepção por parte dos trabalhadores e proprietários. Além disso, precisamos verificar se unidades de processamento de café estão em conformidade com as normas regulamentoras, a fim de determinar os pontos de risco que levem os órgãos governamentais a auxiliar os produtores na modificação do processo para possibilitar a exportação do café. O trabalho foi realizado a partir da aplicação de questionário em trinta propriedades localizadas em três associações rurais do município de São Sebastião do Paraíso - MG, definidas por sorteio. A análise dos questionários mostrou que, somente 23 por cento das pessoas entrevistadas possuíam percepção dos riscos existentes nas propriedades e somente 3 por cento delas estavam dentro dos padrões de conformidade com as NR's. Esses dados estão relacionados ao baixo nível tecnológico, à falta de treinamento dos funcionários e às dificuldades de acesso à informação por parte dos produtores.

The security in the work is a subject that has calling the attention of the agricultural sector, due to its importance as one of itens considered for the acquisition of the certification, which aggregates value to the coffee plant and consequently improves the price for the producer. Considering the existence of the risks in all the activities and the lack of perception by the employer and the worker in the process of after harvesting of the coffee plant, as well as the non conformance of the farms concerning the application of the Regulatory Norms of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (M.L.E), the objective of this work was to diagnose the involved risks in each one of the stages of the after harvesting of the coffee plant and its perception by the workers and farmers. Moreover, to verify if units of coffee processing are in compliance with the regulatory norms, in order to determine the risk points that would be interesting for governmental organs to assist the producers in the modification of the process to make possible the exportation of the coffee. The work was carried out from the application of questionnaire in thirty properties located in three agricultural associations in the São Sebastião do Paraíso county - MG defined by assartment. The analysis of the questionnaires showed that only 23 percent of the interviewed people had perception of the existing risks in the farms and only 3 percent of the farms were in accordance with the standards of conformity with the NR's. These data are related to the low technological level, to the lack of training of the workers and to the difficulties of accessing the information by of the producers.